Current Evidence-Based Protocols in Stroke Rehabilitation
Current Evidence-Based Protocols in Stroke Rehabilitation, Course Content
Chapter 1: Cerebrovascular Accident
- What Causes Stroke?
- Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
- Brain Plasticity
- Spontaneous Behavioral Recovery after Stroke
- Molecular and Physiological Events Underlying Spontaneous Recovery after Stroke
- Stroke Complications
- Stroke Rehabilitation: Is It Effective?
- Recommendations
Chapter 2: Outcome Measures
- Assessment Tools for Stroke
- Action Research Arm Test (ARAT)
- Barthel Index
- Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
- Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT)
- Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
- Box and Block Test (BBT)
- Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS)
- Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)
- Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI)
- Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment Scale (CMSA)
- Clinical Outcome Variables (COVS)
- Clock Drawing Test (CDT)
- EuroQol Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D)
- Frenchay Activities Index (FAI)
- Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test (FAST)
- Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC)
- Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
- Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) of Motor Recovery after Stroke
- General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28)
- Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
- Line Bisection Test (LBT)
- London Handicap Scale (LHS)
- Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36)
- Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
- Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS)
- Modified Rankin Handicap Scale (MRS)
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
- Motor Assessment Scale (MAS)
- Motor-free Visual Perception Test (MVPT)
- National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
- Nine-hole Peg Test (NHPT)
- Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)
- Orpington Prognostic Scale (OPS)
- Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI)
- Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI)
- Stroke-Adapted Sickness Impact Profile (SA)
- Stroke Impact Scale (SIS)
- Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL)
- Stroke Therapy Assessment of Movement (STREAM)
- Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG)
- Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT)
- Recommendations
- Neurological Impairment Scales
- Cognitive Scales
- Language Scales
- Depression Scales
- Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scales
Chapter 3: Rehabilitation Interventions
- Bobath Concept/Neurodevelopmental Therapy
- Brunnstrom Movement Therapy
- Motor Relearning
- Neurodevelopmental Therapy for Motor Retraining
- Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
- Adaptive Equipment
- Work Conditioning
- Patient/Family Education
- Dysphagia Treatment
- Recovery of Communication
- Spasticity Control
- Motor Strengthening
- Cognitive Training
- Mirror Therapy
- Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
- Combined Botulinum Toxin Type A and Modified constraint-induced movement therapy in Upper-Limb Spasticity
- Botulinum Toxin Type A for Gait
- Thermal Stimulation
- Approaches to Reducing Visual Neglect
- Somatosensory Stimulation
- Manual Therapy
Chapter 4: Improving Balance and Proprioception
- Understanding Balance Deficits in Stroke
- Gait Deviations and Causes
- Initial Contact (Early Stance)
- Late Stance
- Swing
- Gait Analysis using Microsoft Kinect
- Limb-Loading
- Partial Body Weight Support for Treadmill Training
- Robotic-Assisted Gait Training
- Whole Body Vibration for Balance and Motor Control
- Local Vibration
- Virtual Reality Training for Balance and Gait
- Wii Fit® Balance Training
- Space Balance 3D Training
- Ramp Gait Training with PNF for Dynamic Balance
- Perturbation Training for Balance
- Aquatic Therapy for Balance
- Hippotherapy
- Horseback Riding Simulation
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Modalities
- Functional Electrical Stimulation or Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
- Brain-computer interface-based functional electrical stimulation
- Biofeedback
- Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TENS)
- Somatosensory Electrical Stimulation
- Repetitive Task Practice and Robotic Therapy
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
- Virtual Reality Training on Brain Activity
- X-Box Microsoft Kinect and Gaming Technology
Chapter 6: Conclusion
- Patient and Family/Caregiver Involvement
- Time Window for Restorative Therapies